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Nucleotides, codons & amino acids |
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For the complete and official list with further details go to IUPAC-IUBMB site.
| Symbol | Meaning | Description |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | Adenine |
| C | C | Cytosine |
| G | G | Guanine |
| T | T | Thymine |
| B | C, G or T | not-A (B follows A in alphabet) |
| D | A, G or T | not-C (D follows C in alphabet) |
| H | A, C or T | not-G (H follows G in alphabet) |
| K | G or T | Keto |
| M | A or C | aMino |
| N | A, C, G or T | aNy |
| R | A or G | puRine |
| S | G or C | Strong interaction (3H bonds) |
| V | A, C or G | not-T / not-U ( V follows U in alphabet) |
| W | A or T | Weak interaction (2 H bonds) |
| Y | C or T | pYrimidine |
| X | A, C, G or T | masked nucleotide |
| - | none | gap of indeterminate length |
| Symbol | Meaning | Description |
|---|---|---|
| a | A | Adenosine |
| c | C | Cytidine |
| g | G | Guanosine |
| u | U | Uridine |
NOTE: in version 2.0 the '*' (alternatively 'Ter') is used to indicate a translation stop codon (replacing the 'X' used previously).
| Nucleotide position in codon | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | |||
| U | C | A | G | ||
| U | UUU - Phe UUC - Phe UUA - Leu UUG - Leu |
UCU - Ser UCC - Ser UCA - Ser UCG - Ser |
UAU - Tyr UAC - Tyr UAA - * UAG - * |
UGU - Cys UGC - Cys UGA - * UGG - Trp |
U C A G |
| C | CUU - Leu CUC - Leu CUA - Leu CUG - Leu |
CCU - Pro CCC - Pro CCA - Pro CCG - Pro |
CAU - His CAC - His CAA - Gln CAG - Gln |
CGU - Arg
CGC - Arg CGA - Arg CGG - Arg |
U C A G |
| A | AUU - Ile AUC - Ile AUA - Ile AUG - Met |
ACU - Thr ACC - Thr ACA - Thr ACG - Thr |
AAU - Asn AAC - Asn AAA - Lys AAG - Lys |
AGU - Ser AGC - Ser AGA - Arg AGG - Arg |
U C A G |
| G | GUU - Val GUC - Val GUA - Val GUG - Val |
GCU - Ala GCC - Ala GCA - Ala GCG - Ala |
GAU - Asp GAC - Asp GAA - Glu GAG - Glu |
GGU - Gly GGC - Gly GGA - Gly GGG - Gly |
U C A G |
For the complete and official list with further details go to IUPAC-IUBMB site. (NOTE: Formula-images copied from this site)
| One letter code |
Three letter code |
Amino acid | Possible codons | Systemic name | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Ala | Alanine | GCA, GCC, GCG, GCT |
2-Aminopropanoic acid | CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| B | Asx | Aspartic acid or Asparagine |
AAC, AAT, GAC, GAT |
||
| C | Cys | Cysteine | TGC, TGT | 2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid | HS-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| D | Asp | Aspartic acid | GAC, GAT | 2-Aminobutanedioic acid | HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| E | Glu | Glutamic acid | GAA, GAG | 2-Aminopentanedioic acid | HOOC-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| F | Phe | Phenylalanine | TTC, TTT | 2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid | C6H5-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| G | Gly | Glycine | GGA, GGC, GGG, GGT |
Aminoethanoic acid | CH2(NH2)-COOH |
| H | His | Histidine | CAC, CAT | 2-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-propanoic acid |  |
| I | Ile | Isoleucine | ATA, ATC, ATT | 2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid | C2H5-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| K | Lys | Lysine | AAA, AAG | 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid | H2N-[CH2]4-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| L | Leu | Leucine | CTA, CTC, CTG, CTT, TTA, TTG |
2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid | (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| M | Met | Methionine | ATG (translation initiation) |
2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid | CH3-S-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| N | Asn | Asparagine | AAC, AAT | 2-Amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid | H2N-CO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| P | Pro | Proline | CCA, CCC, CCG, CCT |
Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid |  |
| Q | Gln | Glutamine | CAA, CAG | 2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid | H2N-CO-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| R | Arg | Arginine | AGA, AGG, CGA, CGC, CGG, CGT |
2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid | H2N-C(=NH)-NH-[CH2]3-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| S | Ser | Serine | AGC, AGT, TCA, TCC, TCG, TCT |
2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid | HO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| T | Thr | Threonine | ACA, ACC, ACG, ACT |
2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid | CH3-CH(OH)-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| U | Sec | Selenocysteine | H2N-CH(COOH)--CH2-SeH | ||
| V | Val | Valine | GTA, GTC, GTG, GTT |
2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid | (CH3)2CH-CH(NH2)-COOH |
| W | Trp | Tryptophan | TGG | 2-Amino-3-(lH-indol-3-yl)-propanoic acid |  |
| X | Xaa | unknown or 'other' |
NNN | ||
| Y | Tyr | Tyrosine | TAC, TAT | 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid |  |
| Z | Glx | Glutamic acid or Glutamine |
|||
| * | * (Ter) | Termination | TAA, TAG, TGA (translation termination) |
HGVS addition (V2.0) |
| Property | Amino acids | |
|---|---|---|
| small | Ala, Gly | |
| acidic / amide | Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln | |
| charged | negative | Asp, Glu |
| positive | Lys, Arg | |
| polar | Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Pro | |
| hydrophobic | Val, Leu, Ile, Met | |
| size | big | Glu, Gln, His, Ile, Lys, Leu, Met, Phe, Trp, Tyr |
| small | Ala, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, Val | |
| aliphatic | Ile, Leu, Val | |
| aromatic | His, Phe, Tyr, Trp | |
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